How to understand confidence interval, probability trees, contingency table, null and alternative hypothesis?

Can someone show me how to solve the problems below:


1) confidence interval


2) probability trees


3) contingency table


4) null and alternative hypothesis|||1) confidence interval - Based upon one sample, this method enables you to give a range of parameter values and a likelihood that the parameter falls within the range. The likelihood of success is expressed as a percent and represents the success of the method used in capturing the parameter.








2) Probability trees are grown from left to right or from top to bottom with the root of the tree corresponding to the starting point. Each branch represents an outcome at each stage.





3) Contingency table are a matrix of numbers representing different outcomes. This could be types of things down rows and treatments in columns across the matrix. Chi-square is a common analysis tool.





4) null and alternative hypothesis - Hypothesis testing allows researchers to determine if a treatment is effective. For instance, T. Colin Campbell was able to establish that a pure vegetarian diet was highly effective in improving health and avoiding diseases of affluence: breast cancer, prostate cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes. The null hypothesis is that the treatment (pure vegetarianism) has no effect on human health. The research hypothesis (also known as alternative hypothesis) assert that some treatment has an effect. In this case, a pure vegetarian diet improves human health for those who are now eating a Standard American Diet.