How can i get the null and alternative hypothesis?

How can I get the null and alternative hypothesis of the table below? (I would also like to know the steps needed to obtain the result)


Party Identification


Gender Democrat Independent Republican Total


Male 279 73 225 577


Female 165 47 191 403


Total 444 120 416 980|||The Null hypothesis (Ho) formulated is that the two attributes Gender and Party identification are independent Or the two attributes are not associated


The Alternative hypothesis (Ha) formulated is that the two attributes Gender and Party identification are associated


Use Chi-square test


The steps involved are


1) Formulate the Null hypothesis


2) Determine the level of significance say alpha a=0.01 or a=0.05


3) Calculate the Chi-square value by using the following formula


Chi-square = sigma (O-E)^2/E


O denotes the observed frequencies i.e., those given in the question


E denotes expected frequencies


E of a cell = RT*CT/N


where RT represents the row total containing the cell


CT represents the column total containg the cell


N represents the total frequencies


for ex. the observed cell frequency of Male-Democrat = 279


the expexted cell frequency of Male-Democrat = 577*444/980 = 261


4) Find out the degrees of freedom v = nu = (c-1)(r-1) in this case


c = Number of columns excluding the total column


and r = Number of rows excluding the total row


v = (3-1)*(2-1) = 2*1 = 2


5) Locate the chi-square value corresponding to v = 2 and a = 0.01 or 0.05 as the case may be by consulting the Chi-square table


6) Compare the calculated Chi-square value with the table value and draw the conclusion as follows


If the calculated value %26gt; the table value REJECT Ho


If the calculated value %26lt; the table value ACCEPT Ho





Draw the inference while concluding the answer